Gravity space

Predictions

Home

20100120

Brief account of gravity space
Kalevi M. Sokka

 

 

Graviton

Corp, local gravity entity

Versatile gravity space

Motion in gravity space

Compaction

 

 

Gravity space

Gravity affects all, everything, and nature does not shield gravity. So it is 'natural' that gravity is, even has to be, very weak force. Normal gravity must not break matter or affect energy badly.

Probably the very weak effect is the main reason, why gravity particles are not known. “There is not yet any direct experimental evidence that gravity is quantized.” (Steve Carlip: Quantum Gravity, a Progress Report 2001)

Here is supposed that gravity particles cannot be seen, they are dark. In lieu of real sight is created logical functional image, intuitive depiction that clears phenomena in nature. Partly the picture is provisional, several alternatives are presented.

At the moment gravity space theory explains well, how all energy is connected via the space self. To clear up exact functioning of all fundamental interactions in gravity space is one of many awaiting tasks.

The primary task for this gravity exploration is to answer the question

If some graviton exists, how that graviton mediates gravity and associated phenomena?

Through this study will be used physical unit kg to measure energy; then kg is only common energy unit (at speed of light), it has nothing to do with property mass.


Graviton

Graviton – if it exists – quite clearly seems to be so small that it cannot be treated with present physical methods. Here is supposed that graviton delivers gravity message internally, within receiving particle; thus graviton must be smaller than any other energy particle ... Standard Model with its elementary particles is valid with, can be applied to WES-particles, but in gravity area smaller particles exist.

Tiny gravitons are here hypothesized to go through everything; anything never stops gravitons in our surroundings. Besides once formed graviton and its energy probably lasts practically forever, i.e. so long as space lasts ... Virtual gravitons are not used in the gravity space theory. Because all energy, also massless, sends and receives gravitons, must gravitons be massless energy.

Gravitons are mediators, messenger particles that inform local gravity entities to react. As graviton goes through a local gravity entity region the local gravity entity creates the attraction effect, not graviton ... Gravitons do not carry gravity force effects along, though the attraction effect (force, interaction) is in relation to the graviton energy.

Gravity spectrum

If supposed tiny gravitons are placed to electromagnetic (photon) spectrum, it leads to very odd creations, to 'aliens' that most probably cannot be 'inhabitants' of our space ... So the opposite is supposed: gravitons must have their own vibrational scale, their own frequency - energy scale.

Electromagnetic spectrum in the area 10−30 kg ... 10−51 kg

Gravity spectrum in the area 10−66 kg ... 10−87 kg

Central frequencies for gravitons are 1021 Hz ... 1 Hz like those of photons.
Central wavelengths for gravitons are 10−12 m ... 109 m like those of photons.
The wavelength of gravity constant (1 Hz) is 2.998
108 m. That is the distance that gravity (light) in vacuum travels in one second.

The proposed gravity spectrum area is very far from photon spectrum and still more remote from matter particle area. Weak gravitons cannot harm matter or energy.

Particle - wave model

Graviton is so small that we cannot have any real image of its form. Here is given instead an intuitive picture, which plainly explains the various functions that graviton must produce.

The graviton particle is like level round disc or ring. Here is assumed that the graviton centre is empty, but the graviton circle is an energy track, where special energy whirl revolves.

Graviton particle speeds forward in space, the plane-side ahead and perpendicular to the moving direction, and the graviton whirl revolves the orbit. The course of the single orbiting whirl forms a transversely oscillating wave, a helix form to the space. Graviton is also a wave, though special, even unique ...

Picture:  Graviton whirl on ring-plane and helix-wave to be formed on pipe surface.
(Picture based on Wikipedia: Polarization, Circular 5.11.2007.)

There does not seem to be any clear and compelling reason, why markedly different graviton whirl diameters would exist in nature. So for a moment it is supposed that graviton whirl orbit diameter is always exactly or nearly the same ...

Room in space

In graviton the energy ring keeps the space reserved and in a proper form for energy whirl to revolve.

The whole tiny graviton can easily go through other kind of particles in gravity space, i.e. through particles of mass-energy. To attracted structures and particles of mass-energy graviton seems almost negligible. But as compared with other gravitons, the situation is different. The compact energy ring together with the whirl in each graviton prevents other gravitons to enter to the place at the same time. Graviton occupies a place in space. This space reservation united with great forward speed causes a little statistic repulsion against other gravitons.

Graviton particle-wave-duality is somewhat limited compared with that of photon. Transverse energy vibration in photon flow, if not apparent, occurs in 'open' space and does not take a clear room in space like circular motion in graviton energy ring does ... Generally it seems that energy ring markedly lessens wave nature in graviton and increases particle nature.

Spins

Graviton can have 3 main spins (0,1,2) and together 5 spin states (2s + 1 = 5; s = 2). Here is given an intuitive picture about graviton spins. The real spins may be still simpler energy states.

Graviton pass spin is the first spin. The pass spin participates in mediating the gravity attraction message to the local gravity entity. Graviton side spin is the second spin; it adjusts the graviton speed to be constant inside the local gravity entity. True graviton spins are realized only inside local gravity entities. Graviton base state, the whirl revolving to either direction along the energy ring, is the null spin state, state zero.

Picture:  Graviton whirl (W), pass spin (P) and side spin (S). The right handed graviton travels away from the observer.


Corp, local gravity entity

The local gravity entity is even more secret than graviton. In fact, physicists know almost nothing about local gravity entities ...

Local gravity entity is essentially an energy composite that both sends and receives gravitons. It is capable to work all the time in the two diverse directions. The task here is to create a picture of local gravity entity so that gravitational effects happen properly, in the picture as in reality.

Particles that are involved in creating gravity can be called 'graviparticles'. Specific terms to graviparticles are selected from two word formation groups.

 

 

Corp

Corpus

Corpuscle

Newtonian type names

 

Grav

Gravit

Graviton

Energy type names

 

Corp; pl. corps      

= local gravity entity

Corpus; pl. corpora

= the total core of corp, includes inner crusts ...

Gravit                     

= element in the outer crust, in the orbit or orbital

Graviton                 

= gravity mediator

 

Local gravity entity is here called corp. The 'real' corp model is at the moment impossible to create, or at least impossible to prove true picture of reality. Most essential now is that any simple working model of corp is available. Accurate corp model can be developed later according to requirements.

Corp might be simple or complicated. Perhaps corp resembles zone type universe or is an atom or planetary system type construction. Corp model, where energy density is high and constant in spite of energy amount, has been proved consistent and mathematically possible concerning local gravity. Most promising simple model presupposes direct proportionality between corp’s energy and cross section. However, nature does not seem to favour simple one rule processes, but rather processes, which are based to many necessities and laws of nature.

Inside corp acts only gravitational interaction (G), other fundamental interactions are confined out. Composite G-particles combined of corps are also possible.

Like the phrase 'substance particle' is used to mean about 'composite matter particle', correspondingly the phrase 'grav particle' is used to mean 'composite local gravity particle'. Atomic binding forms substance particle area (SPA), corpic binding is supposed to form grav particle area (GPA). The magnitude of each area is about 1021 , and scales are related  SPA = 1036 * GPA.

In the first gravity particle volume picture all graviparticles are tiny and their energy density is high.

 

 

Graviton

1039 kg/m3

Photon  

 

Gravit    

1036 kg/m3   

Electron

1024 kg/m3

 

Corpus  

1031 kg/m3    

Nucleus 

1016 kg/m3

 

Corp       

1027 kg/m3    

Atom     

105 kg/m3 ... 103 kg/m3

Tiny graviparticles fit easily inside bigger structures … And matter is very sparse for gravitons because of high energy density of graviparticles.

Standing waves

Corp is supposed to be a complex entity, where orbiting energy forms standing waves in orbits or in larger parts of crusts. Standing energy waves strengthen the corp structure, make it more compact. Standing wave also keeps each orbit stable, attached to a certain place ...

While piercing a corp graviton mediates attraction towards the sending gravity source. Coming graviton excites some standing wave in corp and pierces it twice, in front and at the back … The attraction is composed of two tiny attraction effects created with the help of standing wave.

As external graviton meets standing wave in the first attraction a small extra piece of wave is formed from graviton message energy and added to the orbit. In the second attraction an equivalent small piece of standing wave is removed and the energy is moved back to the graviton whirl.

As a piece is added or removed in orbit there happens specific change, swelling outwards or inwards. The longer the changed piece is, the bigger the swelling.

When standing wave becomes longer, it tries to push outwards. The wave swelling is directed outwards; attraction effect outwards is created. When standing wave becomes shorter, it tries to push inwards. The wave swelling is directed inwards; attraction effect inwards is created. The attraction pair tries to move the corp towards the graviton's coming direction.

Graviton has too small an energy to create straight in corp the proper attraction effect. And besides the graviton motion is directed wrong to create straight in corp a momentum that has the right direction. Graviton triggers a bigger energy movement and that movement causes the required force.

Consuming gravity

Corp energy has a natural uniform graviton sending frequency; gravity source (corp) measures the local energy and forms gravitons accordingly. The sending of gravitons is permanent in relation to the energy amount of the source, and even and equal to all directions.

The graviton sending frequency has to be considerably high; dense graviton flow maintains even gravity around and as well creates adequate internal attraction to keep the corp in form.

For functioning and particle safety reasons minimum corp size is supposed to be 10−63 kg with minimum graviton sending frequency of 102 Hz. This leads to calculatory graviton forming frequency of  1 Hz as corp size is 10−65 kg and graviton size 10−87 kg.

Energy flow from a corp with launched gravitons can be called 'gravity energy flow'. Gravity energy flow per energy of the gravity source gives somewhat technical value 'specific gravity energy flow'; it declares the specific energy consumption when sending gravitons.

ĖG = 10−22 kg/s per kg = specific gravity energy flow.

To consume energy by sending gravitons lasts 1022 s, which is about 1014.501 mean solar years. If our universe is now about the age of 1010.137 years (13.7 109 years), the energy consumption by gravity is still just beginning, even almost unnoticeable.

1010.137 years / 1014.501 years = 0.000 043 25 ≈ 0.004 %.

The consuming is extremely slow. All over gravity space distributed ´drifting´ energy can easily compensate the energy loss in local structures.


Versatile gravity space

Gravity space is the room in emptiness, where prevails gravity, mediated by gravitons from local gravity entities. Emptiness allows coming to it, but emptiness does not maintain or support motion. Contrary to emptiness, gravity space is versatile base for motion.

Gravity space has been formed little by little, from the first sent graviton to the situation now. Imagine that around the first corp or corps prevailed emptiness. As corp sent the first graviton, the graviton simply moved near the corp, not farther out. When more gravitons were sent, they repelled each other and moved farther. The gravity space had begun to be formed.

New and old gravitons all the time internally expand the existing gravity space. Jointly whole increasing graviton amount at the moment brings about even an accelerated total expansion to the gravity space. In our surroundings, here called 'central gravity space', the internal expansion happens equally and evenly to every direction.

As gravity space expands every volume of it outside corps swells; and gravitons slide internally to every direction inside the gravity space. As gravity space internally swells otherwise near standing gravitons are transferred freely at great local speed inside the sweller. Gravitons begin to follow the internal movement ordered by the swelling; each graviton obtains a free speed in the gravity space.

Graviton does not have own speed forward, but it moves along with the gravity space enlargement. As a consequence graviton does not consume any energy on the movement.

Each graviton must follow the gravity space internal enlargement. Specifically every graviton in central gravity space slides at constant local speed  b. And generally, the motion of graviton (energy) base stabilizes all other movements in gravity space.

Internal gravity space expansion alters the local graviton base continually. Graviton is not fixed to any local, even momentarily unchangeable, graviton base frame. On the other hand, continual graviton flows keep the space state ordered. Altogether, that for ever moving graviton flow in fact unites, kind of binds together, the whole gravity space.

Gravitons fill the gravity space; they form a manifold ever-moving net-like volumetric structure, which pierces through everything in gravity space. To this every-directional graviton flow are added the new gravitons that corps send.

Space transfer

Space transfer means to 'guide' gravitational phenomena by moving the space. Space transfer consists of linear space transfer along graviton lines, and of course transfer. The basic function of space transfer is to keep the local graviton speed constant, but space transfer causes also other effects.

Course transfer

While graviton pierces any corp, the graviton is attached to the corp's frame. If corp moves during piercing – relative to the graviton's original passage line or speed – also the graviton moves with the corp, i.e. the corp transfers the graviton course in the gravity space. The local course transfer spreads at the speed of gravitons and corps ...

The time for any relative movement for one corp is very short, when graviton pierces the corp, and the change in graviton movement may often be ignored in surveys. But the total effect to graviton course may be considerable, when graviton pierces a big energy collection or a very fast moving corp.

Part of the galaxy rotation problem can be explained with the graviton flow orientation from the centre to the edge of the galaxy. And changes in the direction of graviton flow owing to rotating or revolving components can minutely affect spacecraft's motion.

Linear space transfer

Linear space transfer outside corp is also actively supported function. Corp grabs the relevant part of gravity space with and transfers it to maintain the prevailing graviton speed around itself. When active support for space transfer stops, transferred gravitons immediately continue their travel on the non-transferred gravity space bottom.

Minor particle that is alone in gravity space may be in a 'deep' rest in gravity space bottom. Graviton flow goes through particle evenly and gravity space is perfectly alike all over and around the particle. The particle's speed is zero in inertial motion in gravity space.

As inertial particle is accelerated it takes along and slides forward the relevant part of gravity space around and travels within. When acceleration is stopped, particle continues to transfer the part of gravity space around, now so that graviton flow through particle is once more even from all directions. Inertial state is returned again, though at different speed level. In inertial motion the particle is in a rest in local gravity space in spite of any apparent speed. Locally all inertial speeds appear equal in gravity space.

'Mutual space transfer' between two bodies takes care of relativistic constant graviton speed  b  to both bodies. Mutual space transfer can be even bipartite e.g. between non-radial far-away bodies; the graviton flow is transferred to and from gravity space bottom.

Linear space transfer causes change in graviton flow via vicinity effect, i.e. via (repulsion) effect from a graviton to the next one. Vicinity effect advances through gravity space at huge speed, almost without delay. Thus the forward speed of the space transfer, the increasing, spreading and decreasing, is huge. The linear space transfer can be considered to be in practice instantaneous.


Motion in gravity space

The basic graviton flow in central gravity space is equal to every direction and it stabilizes, partly even equalizes other motions. Local gravity sources give their parts to the basic flow, but with relatively tiny effects cannot alter the totality. Orderly moving gravitons form the structure of gravity space, some kind of internal frame to the space. In a sense the graviton flow can be considered to form free (untied) motion that guides tied motion.

 

 

Energy state

Motion type

Local speed

Moving particles    

 

 

Free particles

 

Weightless

Free              

b                  

Graviton                    

 

 

Tied particles

 

Lite (light) 

Fast               

c (in vacuum)

Fast grav; ; WES-energy

 

Heavy        

Slow              

d (< b)          

Slow grav; ; WES-matter 

 

 

WES: weak, electromagnetic and strong interactions.
Grav particles: single corps and gravitationally combined corp groups ≈ simple corp groups (1,2, ...).

 

Both WES-particles and independent grav particles move upon graviton base; moreover, fast and slow particles are tied by graviton flow. Altogether, gravity space offers bottom for balanced motion and for soft mediation of force.

Fast energy particles follow the uninterrupted discrete attraction from gravity space, delivered by gravitons to all directions. So fast energy particle, e.g. photon that includes corps, is moved constantly forward in central gravity space at local speed c. However, local gravity effects somewhat affect the particle movement.

Slow energy particles are stabilized by every-directional graviton flow. In equilibrium state particle stays in its constant motion; slow energy particle glides inertially in gravity space at constant local speed  d.

Slow motion

Slow, heavy energy, mass, is partly a secret in modern physics. Straightforward in gravity space is to suppose that mass is a consequence of small opposite attraction effects mediated by gravitons to the energy in particle. Thus mass is the slow motion property of tied energy in gravity space. Actually mass does not even exist, only the phenomenon of slow motion.

Mass is energy amount that is tied to a slow velocity, zero included. Slow particle receives gravitons from all opposite directions and thus experiences mass phenomenon (slow motion phenomenon) to every direction. If you like to say, slow particle has mass to every direction or heavy particle is slow to every direction.

Slow tied motion in gravity space results from opposite gravity attractions, which limit the local speed to be slower than  b. From uniform gravity follows inertial motion, and from gradient outside gravity follows accelerated motion. Resistance against acceleration results from vicinity effect in accelerated space transfer, while net resistance in inertial motion is zero.

Heavy energy particle glides in graviton flow that pierces the particle from all directions. Particle is in constant inertial movement in internal rest as all graviton flows from every direction through particle are equal. Slow acceleration needs unbalanced net force, some impulse, in order to happen. There is no difference, which origin the impulse is, gravitational or WES, impulses of equal size increase momentum equally.

Single corp is symmetric and can receive gravitons similarly from every direction, which makes it inherently slow in gravity space. So all gravitationally tied energy, except heavy also lite, in gravity space is basically slow. From this follows the fact that also lite particles are attracted (accelerated) slowly sideways in corresponding gradient gravity, even though their forward speed is fast c.

Fast motion

Particle in fast motion is tied to graviton flow, it has exactly the same local speed as carrying gravitons.

Every corp is basically slow, and any acceleration cannot speed corp to fast motion. But opposite may happen: instead of actual acceleration, corp may simply submit downwards to the space. In fast motion corp submits to graviton flow, which then attracts and transfers the corp at fast speed.

Gravity attracts slow corp from all opposite directions. If slow corp is momentarily exposed – in a line through the corp's centre and parallels – to gravity attraction only from the other direction of the two opposite, the corp submits, becomes excited and is caught to travel accordingly at fast speed to that direction. The exact details of the procedure of the change from the heavy energy state to the lite energy state are unclear.

Particle must be simple, so that all corps in particle can be stuck simultaneously to the fast motion to the same direction. At least single corps and one-corp-layer particles are possible, probably also some particles, where corps form a sparse three-dimensional net.

The graviton flow from one direction must be momentarily cut off, so that particle submits itself to graviton flow from the opposite direction. Course transfer probably is central in the process.

Graviton approaches in front of the exposed corp at the speed  b  in gravity space. The whole corp becomes excited by the gravity message as coming graviton first touches the corp; and then the graviton travels inside corp in the corp's frame at the speed  b.

The mediated attraction tries to move the corp to the graviton's coming direction. There is nothing in gravity space itself that resists the (to be or existing) lite energy corp movement, and on the other hand, graviton is not supposed to slide forwards or backwards in space frame during piercing, graviton seems to stop in that frame ... So the one-directional attraction moves the corp forwards (backwards in graviton's route) at controlled speed, just at the same speed as graviton's piercing speed  b. The speed change from slow (d) to fast (c in central gravity space) does not need any time, it just happens against null resistance.

After the through going, graviton of course continues travelling in gravity space at the speed  b. And as the lite particle once travels at fast speed no graviton from behind can catch up to the particle and try to slow it down.

Space moves lite particle in fast route; there is no space transfer at all exactly along the lite particle's fast travelling route and there exists no resistance either. Gravitons from front give to the particle discretely the speed  c, and the steady motion is secured by escorting gravitons.

Transversally to the fast motion the particle is in slow motion state. Stuck fast motion forward and slow state sideways control together the lite particle’s movement wholly but softly.

Equivalence of motion

Physical theories up to now have not managed to clear up the connection between gravitational and other motions ... “The equality of inertial and active gravitational mass remains as puzzling as ever” (Wolfgang Rindler: Relativity: Special, General and Cosmological 2001).

Gravity space theory addresses the unity of slow motion except to the unity of corp-based particles also to the stabilizing gravity space and there specifically to the vicinity effect via space transfer.

The resistance against acceleration is the effect of gravity space via vicinity effect, not of particle. It is quite the same, which kind of an accelerative force, which kind of an accelerative effect, if equal in magnitude and direction, is directed to the particle. Gravitational force and WES-forces are equal in principle to accelerate particle.

'General equivalence principle' states that all interactions affect local slow motion equally via gravity space. Gravity space resists the change in the slow motion in relation to the slow tied energy of the moving corps, no matter if the acceleration is gravitational or WES; gravitational mass and inertial mass are the same.

What matters are the effects between particle and gravity space, the space transfer and vicinity effect. As particle is accelerated the effect is directed through particle towards gravity space; change to space transfer is induced via vicinity effect. The resistance from vicinity effect, which the accelerated particle self experiences, is created in space and transmitted softly to the particle.

Vicinity effects in the spreading space transfer make up the forces inherent in space, which resist any slow acceleration. Forces, which resist acceleration, can be found outside bodies, in gravity space, in space transfer. Forces, which resist acceleration in gravity space, are external forces to particle, not innate.

Gravity space theory observes gravitons that form gradient gravity and thus acceleration in free fall, but uniform gravity in inertial motion in outer space. Thus GWES-acceleration causes change in inertial motion. Gravity space looks the motion of space self and then clears, how tied particles are connected to that continual motion.

Gravity space model describes motion upon the straight graviton lines, which set out from energy collections. General relativity takes opposite view; it describes motion along curved lines, which lead to gravity source. The entire gravity space theory seems opposite in view to general relativity. Quite clearly this new point of view suggests and reveals also new properties of gravity.

Energy in particles

 

   

 

Electromagnetic treatment

 

energy

 

matter: WES-matter + dark matter ...

 

energy: WES-energy + dark energy ...

   

 

Gravity space treatment

 

tied energy

 

heavy energy

 

lite energy

 

free energy

   

 


Compaction

Compaction in central gravity space is the level of coupled length-unit (lu) and time-unit (tu) values as speed  c (b) remains constant (c = lui / tui = constant). Total compaction in local gravity space means the degree of the gravity space dilation (constriction). The change of compaction in central gravity space is identical to the associated length contraction and time dilation.

General compaction in central gravity space creates and maintains there the universal graviton speed  b. Locally compaction can be bigger than general, but universal speed  b  is consistent to consider piercing those local extra compact volumes too.

Local excess of gravitons gives rise to uneven local graviton flow in graviton lines, leads to gradient in linear graviton density. Linear graviton density itself does not cause local internal compaction in gravity space but gradient effect, which changes the space motion qualities for corp, i.e. which changes the local graviton flow qualities.

Compaction in gravity space can be increased locally over general value either with motion or with gravitation.

Every gravity source in gravity space, from corp to black hole, sends gravitons outwards, so that around the source is created spherical gradient in vicinity effect. The sent new gravitons try to enlarge gravity space more quickly than is possible at the place; graviton flow qualities change. And every local acceleration creates to the connected space transfer an actual increase in resistance, an effective piercing gradient in vicinity effect; graviton flow qualities change.

Sending of gravitons creates gradient vicinity effect around gravity source and acceleration (±) creates gradient vicinity effect into space transfer. Acceleration and gravitation create gradient extra compaction into gravity space; this proper compaction pierces also inside and through particles it meets.

Each mutual space transfer adjusts graviton flow and connected photon flow between bodies to be mutually relativistic. Compaction in mutual space transfer from inertial speed (or from momentary speed difference) between bodies is perspective effect; completely even extra compactness exists only on graviton (photon) lines between bodies contrary to through ends piercing proper compaction. Nevertheless, perspective compaction is real, gravity space and photon's motion change; photon measures length and time differently from unchanged space.

Perspective compaction does not straight affect slow particles. Especially, seemingly big length contraction effect on bodies in motion at high inertial speed is perspective, not proper.

Features of photon motion

Light travels straight along with graviton flow, often guided by space transfer in motion direction. No space transfer from sides affects straight photon's 'inert' fast motion route; e.g. aberration of light happens without any direct space transfer effect from sides. However, gradient gravity from sides bends motion of fast particles, like photon flow past a star.

Proper compaction may affect corp from any direction; even several compaction effects may act simultaneously.

Inside every corp, also fast, the magnitude of proper compaction is equalized to every direction. In fast direction space subjects corp, space kind of pierces into and through the corp. Consequently throughout corp equalized compaction affects space in fast direction also outside corp; corp's motion in fast direction varies according to the change in local prevalent compaction. Specifically the compaction from side causes Shapiro delay to photon’s motion.

Quite a complicated situation exists as light travels past a rotating ball's surface. Ball’s gravity and compaction thereof as well as compaction from ball’s acceleration (rotating) affect light flow simultaneously. Moreover, compaction and gravity increase the effects of each others … Besides the rotating minutely increases in front and decreases at the back the linear graviton density in mutual space transfer between the ball and the photon flow. Arriving side orders how big the deflection from the straight course and the compaction in photon flow will be.

If light passes against rotation, it becomes more compacted than if it passes in the same direction as rotation. An outside observer will see a difference in the forward speed: light travels faster in the direction of rotation than against the rotation. Here the motion of tiny gravitons in gravity space substitutes for the effect of frame-dragging in general relativity.

Gradient compaction in gravity space creates proper energy shift into advancing photon flow. The proceeding photon flow becomes blueshifted as local compaction increases and redshifted as local compaction decreases in the advancing direction. On the other words, photon flow's frequency en route increases as gradient compaction increases and decreases as gradient compaction decreases. Cosmological redshift is created from the internal enlarging of gravity space; the photon flow becomes stretched because of intervening new gravitons in the carrying graviton flow; the effect may be partly proper partly perspective.

Doppler effect of light is perspective and exists in mutual space transfer, which is created from momentary speed difference of the limiting corps. Mutual space transfer increases or decreases linear photon (graviton) density between the limiting corps. And further, effect to local compaction changes the flow qualities of photons (gravitons) in gravity space between the limiting corps.

Change in linear graviton density itself orders if the basic effect is redshift or blueshift. Approaching light source creates blueshift, receding light source creates redshift. But in mutual space transfer the graviton flow is always compacted in relation to the graviton flow through the ends, either the mutual space transfer is increasing or decreasing the linear graviton density. The local compaction adds a special redshift component to the basic shift-effect of the mutual space transfer.

Certain big accelerations are supposed to create spherically from the source spreading stirrings, pulses into gravity space. Pulses of compacted dense and sparse parts of graviton flow advance straight forward along graviton lines; no oscillation and no spreading to the sides happen. Instead of large gravitational waves gravity space transmits pulses along graviton lines.

Pulses in linear graviton (photon) density and in compaction advance in gravity space at speed  b (c) otherwise to vicinity effect that advances at huge speed. The natural reach (length) of pulses may be described  si  =  bti  =  cti . Graviton pulses probably cannot be noticed at such; but perhaps graviton pulses might be shown in photon flows sent freely outwards from the detector.

Time

Space transfers in gravity space all the time move gravitons and thus photons. That means in fact that slow motion affects time, time is relative to each moving body. And accordingly, simultaneity, too, is relative.

The motion in gravity space creates immense mixture of private times, physical time is shattered to numerous minute pieces. Basically every single corp creates and maintains its own time, though in central gravity space in relation to the basic time rate on inertial gravity space bottom.

Inertial space transfer, either solitary or mutual, maintains the proper time rate intact, i.e. causes mere perspective (trigonometric) effects, symmetric between bodies. But acceleration compacts en route gravity space through and near the accelerated body and thus really slows proper time down. And compaction in and around gravity source reaches through bodies (corps) there; the higher the gravity the bigger the compaction and the more slowly clocks really run.

Slow heavy body can retard time, but cannot make it faster. As time rate slows down reactions slacken, and taken all together also evolution of life slows down.